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A substance (the solute) is said to be soluble in a solvent if it can be dissolved. At any given temperature there is a maximum amount of solute which can dissolve in a fixed volume of solvent.

 

 

When there is no maximum amount of solute then the substance is miscible with the solvent. All gases are miscible with one another.  

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Both boil within the range 79°C – 82°C. The evaporation rate of the ketone, however, is more than twice that of the alcohol. 

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]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q13correct.mp3 False 1 3.082 0 0 0 0 1 none
There are two correct answers.

Please try again.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q13ic1.mp3 False 1 3.866
The correct answers are displayed. White spirit is a branched paraffin.

MEK and Isopropanol have similar boiling points but MEK has twice the evaporation rate.

Oxygenated solvents generally have stronger odour than hydrocarbons.
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Aniline points are temperatures at which mixtures of aniline and hydrocarbon solvents become cloudy on cooling. AP values range from approximately 80°C for weak solvents to less than 0°C for powerful solvents.  

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 15 0 0 1 none

To avoid low temperatures a mixed aniline point is recorded whereby the solvent under test is blended with an equal volume of normal heptane and the result recorded as such. 

]]> False 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7562435.jpg screen16a.mp3 False 1 82.10275 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 44 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 screen16b.mp3 False 1 16.64 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Bold #800000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False s16.png 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False screen17.jpg 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Bold #800000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 screen17.mp3 False 1 31.216 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 screen18.mp3 False 1 59.611 False 7644727water_on_paint.jpg 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 9 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 18 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 9 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False alkyd resin01.jpg screen19.mp3 False 1 50.259 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 none False sc_vol1.jpg 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #006000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7562435.jpg q20.mp3 False 1 2.403 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 15 none 15 Italic Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0

Solvent purity


Flash point


All of the above]]> 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 18 none 23 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False a a 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False b b 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False c c 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False d d 0 True False False 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 no.mp3 False 1 1.044 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q20correct.mp3 False 1 2.951 0 0 0 0 1 none
Please try again.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q20ic1.mp3 False 1 1.671 q20ic2-1.mp3 False 1 5.616
The correct answer is displayed]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arial 16 none 16 Normal Bold #FADB48 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7304314.jpg q20.mp3 False 1 2.403 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 15 none 15 Italic Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0

White spirit


Xylene


Isopropanol]]> 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 18 none 23 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False a a 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False b b 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False c c 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False d d 0 True False False 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 no.mp3 False 1 1.044 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q20correct.mp3 False 1 2.951 0 0 0 0 1 none
Please try again.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q20ic1.mp3 False 1 1.671 q20ic2-2.mp3 False 1 10.893
The correct answer is displayed.

KB values are only applicable to hydrocarbons ? a high value means a strong solvent.
]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arial 16 none 16 Normal Bold #FADB48 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7317069.jpg q20.mp3 False 1 2.403

An Aniline Point of 80°C is indicative of  

]]> False 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 15 none 15 Italic Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0

White spirit


Xylene


Isopropanol]]> 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 18 none 23 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False a a 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False b b 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False c c 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False d d 0 True False False 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 no.mp3 False 1 1.044 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q20correct.mp3 False 1 2.951 0 0 0 0 1 none
Please try again.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q20ic1.mp3 False 1 1.671 q20ic2-3.mp3 False 1 11.441
The correct answer is displayed.

Aniline Point is only applicable to hydrocarbons. A high value means a weak solvent. ]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arial 16 none 16 Normal Bold #FADB48 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7644727water_on_paint.jpg q20.mp3 False 1 2.403 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 15 none 15 Italic Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0

Penetration of porous surfaces


Poor resin solubility


Indication of contaminants
]]> 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 18 none 23 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False a a 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False b b 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False c c 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False d d 0 True False False 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 no.mp3 False 1 1.044 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q20correct.mp3 False 1 2.951 0 0 0 0 1 none
Please try again.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q20ic1.mp3 False 1 1.671 q20ic2-4.mp3 False 1 10.997
The correct answer is displayed.

High surface tension is associated with poor surface wetting but strong capillary action.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arial 16 none 16 Normal Bold #FADB48 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7661833_s.jpg screen20_remember.mp3 False 1 48.039 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 19 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 1001 False 0 True #000000 unit 2 w. buttons.jpg 863 True 0 0 1 True 0 0 2 True 0 0 4 True 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 24 none 24 Normal Bold #FFFFFF False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 screen21.mp3 False 1 31.634 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 12 0 0 1 none False s21.png 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7304268.jpg screen22a.mp3 False 1 42.71 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 14 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 screen22b.mp3 False 1 8.777 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #800000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False s22.png 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7315456.jpg screen23a.mp3 False 1 33.959 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 14 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7637964linear_chemical_structure.jpg screen23b.mp3 False 1 43.598 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7.19999980926514 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7.80000019073486 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 screen24.mp3 False 1 46.132 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 10.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 18 0 0 1 none

This relationship is expressed by Raoult’s Law:

 

Psolvent = Xsolvent x Posolvent

 

where Psolvent is the vapour pressure of the solvent above the solution

Xsolvent is the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution

Posolvent is the vapour pressure of the pure solvent 

]]> False 0 0 0 False

The formula is used to calculate the magnitude of the vapour pressure lowering DP (the mole fraction of the non-volatile solute times the lowering of the vapour pressure of the pure solvent). 

]]> False 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 screen25a.mp3 False 1 23.614 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #800000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False s25_a.png 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 12 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 screen25b.mp3 False 1 29.518 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #800000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False s25_a.png For example, n-heptane and 2,4-dimethyl pentane are both C7 hydrocarbons. The bulkier, branched 2,4-dimethyl pentane evaporates more than 1.5 times as fast as linear n-heptane yet is released from the polymer film much later.]]> 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 22 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7563972.jpg screen26a.mp3 False 1 39.915 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 10.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False s10.jpg screen26b.mp3 False 1 32.574 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 18 0 0 1 none False sc_vol1.jpg 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #006000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q27.mp3 False 1 2.612 False s37.jpg 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 15 none 15 Italic Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button_01.bmp #FF0000 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button_01.bmp #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button_01.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 True [NULL] 1 0 0 False a a 0 False False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button_01.bmp #FF0000 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button_01.bmp #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button_01.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 True [NULL] 1 0 0 False b b 0 False False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FF0000 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 True [NULL] 1 0 0 False c c 0 False False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FF0000 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 True [NULL] 1 0 0 False d d 0 False False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FF0000 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF button_03.bmp #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 True [NULL] 1 0 0 False e e 0 False False False 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0
]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q27c.mp3 False 1 2.925 0 0 0 0 1 none
There are three true statements.
Please try again. ]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q27ic1.mp3 False 1 3.474 q27ic2.mp3 False 1 15.934 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0
The true statements are displayed.

n-Butyl acetate is the standard for ASTM D3539.

Solvent release from polymeric films
is a function of structure of the
solvent molecules as well as evaporation rate.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7380688.jpg screen27_remember.mp3 False 1 59.036 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 12.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 12 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 1001 False 0 True #000000 unit 2 w. buttons.jpg 863 True 0 0 1 True 0 0 2 True 0 0 4 True 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 24 none 24 Normal Bold #FFFFFF False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7315496.jpg screen28.mp3 False 1 60.368 1 17 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 9 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 12 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7563479.jpg screen29a.mp3 False 1 34.586 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 14.1999998092651 0 0 1 none

One of the tools for doing this is to apply a correction factor known as the activity coefficient ( ץ ) to the concentrations of the solvent components.  

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 10.0000009536743 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False trigly03.jpg screen29b.mp3 False 1 27.663 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 none False bullet.png 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 none False bullet.png 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 none False bullet.png 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0

Activity coefficients of hydrocarbons (ץ) as a function of concentration (C’) 

]]> False 0 0 0 False False graph.jpg screen30.mp3 False 1 47.621

The theory is that the relevant evaporation rate or RER of a solvent in a blend is given by the formula based on Raoult’s law: RER = RER0 . ץ

where RER0 is the pure (not relative) evaporation rate of the pure solvent 

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 22 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 17 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False modelling.jpg screen31.mp3 False 1 37.015 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 9 0 0 1 none False sc_vol1.jpg 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #006000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False graph.jpg q20.mp3 False 1 2.403

Refer back to the graph on screen #30. The activity coefficient ( ץ ) for a hydrocarbon solvent in a blend with alcohol/glycol ethers at 40% concentration is:  

]]> False 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 15 none 15 Italic Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0

2.0


1.5]]> 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 18 none 23 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False a a 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False b b 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False c c 0 True False False
]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q32c.mp3 False 1 2.925 0 0 0 0 1 none
Please try again.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q32ic1.mp3 False 1 1.802 q32ic2.mp3 False 1 4.31
The correct answer is displayed.

]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arial 16 none 16 Normal Bold #FADB48 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7564934.jpg q20.mp3 False 1 2.403 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 15 none 15 Italic Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 ]]> 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False a a 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False b b 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False c c 0 True False False Trebuchet MS 29.3333333333333 none Normal Normal 0 6 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 0 0 #FFCC00 #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #A9A9A9 button01.jpg #FFCC00 transparent #FFFFFF #9EBDCF button01.jpg #000000 transparent #DBFBFF #8DB9D1 button01.jpg #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #000000 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #808080 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF #D3D3D3 transparent #FFFFFF #FFFFFF 60 60 False 1 0 0 False d d 0 True False False
]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q32c.mp3 False 1 2.925 0 0 0 0 1 none
Please try again.]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 q32ic1.mp3 False 1 1.802 q32ic2.mp3 False 1 4.31
The correct answer is displayed.

]]> 10 7 0 Trebuchet MS 16 none 16 Normal Bold #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arial 16 none 16 Normal Bold #FADB48 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 0 4 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 False 7283783.jpg screen32a_remember.mp3 False 1 39.81 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 none

One of the tools for doing this is to apply a correction factor known as the activity coefficient ( ץ ) to the concentrations of the solvent components.  

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 9 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none False 7315496.jpg screen32b_remember.mp3 False 1 34.011

The theory is that the relevant evaporation rate or RER of a solvent in a blend is given by the formula based on Raoult’s law:

RER = RER0.ץ

 

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 11 0 0 1 none

where RER0 is the (pure) not relative evaporation rate of the pure solvent.

 

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 6 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 True #000000 unit 2 w. buttons.jpg 863 True 0 0 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 24 none 24 Normal Bold #FFFFFF False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 True 0 0 2 True 0 0 4 True 0 0 False 7304314.jpg screen4_remember.mp3 False 1 52.688 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 14 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none False s2.jpg screen8_remember.mp3 False 1 36.571 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 2.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none False s42.jpg screen13_remember1.mp3 False 1 43.206 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none False s23.jpg screen13_remember2.mp3 False 1 24.267 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 9 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none False coating06.jpg screen20_remember.mp3 False 1 48.039 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 19 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none False 7567021.jpg screen27_remember.mp3 False 1 59.036 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 11.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 12.5 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 12 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none False polymer01.jpg screen32a_remember.mp3 False 1 39.81 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 none

One of the tools for doing this is to apply a correction factor known as the activity coefficient ( ץ ) to the concentrations of the solvent components.  

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 9 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none False s37.jpg screen32b_remember.mp3 False 1 34.011

The theory is that the relevant evaporation rate or RER of a solvent in a blend is given by the formula based on Raoult’s law:

RER = RER0.ץ

 

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 11 0 0 1 none

where RER0 is the (pure) not relative evaporation rate of the pure solvent.

 

]]> False 0 0 0 False 1 6 0 0 1 none 0 0 0 Trebuchet MS 19 none 22 Normal Normal #000000 False False #808080 0 0 0 False 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 none 0 1